The Impact of Terrorism on State Law Enforcement Free Essay Example, 3000 words

The response of police to terrorism at the local level has led to much controversy concerning its infringement on the constitutional rights of local residents and visitors. In a country with a strong constitutional democracy such as the U. S., there is always much debate going on regarding the safeguarding of the rights of every citizen. Such rights include civil rights, social rights, and political rights. Civil rights constitute the freedom from government intervention in the private field, whereas political rights are essentially freedom of expression and effective political participation. Social rights constitute freedom of access to fundamental goods and services. There is much concern in various public and political sectors that police response to terrorism has gone overboard and violated the civil, social, and political rights of certain groups of people in American society. In particular, police response has hit hard citizens of the Muslim community. There has been general development among the public and the law enforcement of attitude and belief that any local Muslim is a potential terrorist or aids the activities of terrorists. This has led to the unfair targeting by the police of the members of this minority American community, including the violation of their privacy, trespass into their homes, and the illegal searching of their homes and business premises. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Terrorism on State Law Enforcement or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Catching Fire Book Report (Middle School) Essay - 1990 Words

CATCHING FIRE By Suzanne Collins Catching Fire is an action-fiction book by Suzanne Collins. It is 391 pages long and was published by Scholastic Press  © 2009. Catching Fire begins a few months after Katniss and Peeta won the 74th Hunger Games. Katniss is recovering from the Hunger Games and getting ready for the Victory Tour, an event where the victor of the last Hunger Games tours each of the twelve districts and the Capitol, ending with their home district. Before they leave, President Snow comes to Katniss’s house. He warns her that he’s watching her and doesn’t want to see any more rebellious acts. He says that he wants her to convince everyone in Panem, including him, that when she held out the nightlock it was an†¦show more content†¦After several months, another political event looms and Katniss has to pose for wedding pictures. Shes been gathering clues that many districts are rebelling and shares it with Haymitch. Before they can do much about it, though, they receive strange news. The next Hunger Games are announced, a special version called the Quarter Quell. The Quells are every twenty-five years a nd are versions of the Games with a twist. At the 25th Games, each district voted for who they wanted to be the tributes. At the 50th Games, the one Haymitch won, there were twice the amount of tributes. In this one, the 75th Games, two of the former winners from each district will have to re-enter the arena. This means Katniss has to go back and risk almost certain death for the second time. Katniss does what any normal person would do: she goes into hysterics. She and Peeta both go to see Haymitch and they all commiserate. Two out of the three of them are going back to the arena. Katniss makes Haymitch promise hell help her save Peetas life this time around. The next day, Peeta pushes them all to start prepping for the Quarter Quell. Then the Games arrive. Katniss and Peeta are sent off straightaway. Both are glum. They have some time together as they travel to the Capitol for pre-Games events, and they use that time to strategize further. They study previous Games and how other t ributes won. For the opening ceremonies of the Games, they are dressed like smolderingShow MoreRelatedJD Salinger Research Paper1671 Words   |  7 Pagesstories for magazines like The New Yorker and Story. A large number of these stories went on to be compiled into books such as Nine Stories, Franny and Zooey, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction. Despite the fact Salinger has not published any stories in over 45 years, his reputation is still quite popular. Salingers stories are studied in high schools and colleges, introducing thousands of individuals to his writing and ultimately increasing his fan base. 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In Freeman’s book, â€Å"Hearts of Sorrow: Vietnamese-American lives,† a South Vietnam ex-colonel, whose name was not published, describes his feeling when he entered the re-education camp as he was shocked because he and others were treated not with respect but as prisonersRead MoreLife Without Electricity5146 Words   |  21 PagesHopefully this meat would last most of the winter, and that there was not a warm winter so that the meat would not spoil. During the summer, meat was only served fresh. If you wanted a nice fried chicken, that meant going to your own chicken yard, catching and then killing and cleaning the chicken yourself. 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Case Study in Curriculum Development Free Essays

According to MEIJER In the year 1999 the benefits of electronic testing to the educators is to give Information on the accuracy in answer gathering, analysis of scoring results and the reduction of human error in test taking, as well as computation and analysis of the test results on the computer. The electronic online testing is worth the cost because it is easy to use like in business, training educational assessment with tests and quizzes graded instantly. Electronic testing or testing for short, Just means that you will take the test using a computer r other electronic device Instead of pencil and paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study in Curriculum Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Testing has an ability to include novel types of questions which could potentially be graphical In nature or dynamic by using animations. In some cases test questions are drawn from question banks. If that is the case, everyone may receive a deferent version of the test. Depending on the option settings of the test, you may be able to see your score immediately upon completing the test. 2. How might Principal Harris deal with resistance from teachers who oppose the use of electronic testing and data analysis? Principal Harris wanted to have a good standards regarding in the processing of grade and he also want to have an organize grading system that will be use in the electronic testing and data analysis. It can be use by the teachers in school because it helps to develop their learning in computer and applying it in their teaching strategy. Principal Harris should first state the objectives to the teacher. He also need to know the ideas of other teachers and the stakeholder that has something to do with the curriculum and which strategy will fit the plan. The electronic learning (e- earning) literature has not addressed the measurement of learner satisfaction with asynchronous e-learning systems. Current models for measuring user satisfaction (US) and students’ evaluation of teaching effectiveness (SET) are perceived as inapplicable as they are targeted primarily towards either organizational information systems or classroom education environment. My study developed a comprehensive model and instrument for measuring learner satisfaction with asynchronous e- learning systems. The procedures used in conceptualizing the survey, generating teems, collecting data, and validating the multiple-item scale are described. This study carefully examined evidence of reliability, content validity, criterion-related validity, convergent validity, discriminate validity, and homological validity by analyzing data from a sample of 116 adult respondents. The norms of the instrument were then developed, and the potential applications for practitioners and researchers explored. Finally, this paper discusses limitations of the work. As qualitative research methods become more refined, so there is an increasing need to teach data analysis methods. This paper offers a group method ? based on experiential learning principles ? for teaching the analysis of textual data. Terms are defined, an outline for a preliminary theory input is offered and then the group method, itself, is described. Variants of the method are also described and various objections to the method are addressed. When using data analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form. Both inductive and deductive analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive content analysis. Deductive content analysis is used when the structure of analysis is personalized on the basis of previous knowledge. Inductive data analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods. Data analysis is the most difficult and most crucial aspect of qualitative research. Coding is one of the significant steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data. Http://www. Indolence. Com/DOI/abs/ 10. 1080/0013188032000133548 The punctual should also rely on Hills Tabs approach because she used ideas to create four thinking strategies known as the Tab approach. This four strategies are concept development, interpretation of data, application of generalizations, and interpretations of feelings, attitudes and values. Using all four strategies, the goal is to facilitate student’s thinking skills. Based on Tab’s method, â€Å"to think† means â€Å"helping them [students] to formulate data into conceptual patterns, to verbalize relationships between discrete segments of data, to cake inferences from data, to make generalizations on the basis of data and to test these generalizations, and to become sensitive to such corollary relationships as cause and effect and similarities and differences. Http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/ Hills Tab 4. What future role will online testing have in evaluating a field of study? The future role with online testing in evaluating a field of study is on how they will equip, reach and access students well performances. It shows the ability of the users to create a good concept that will be use in the field of study. To consider online earning key to advancing their mission, and placing advanced education. In the world of globalization advance technologies is the way to reach the higher quality in education. The important role is to develop the skill in computer and the proper use of it. Electronic testing tools also make mastery learning activities possible. Mastery learning, which is very similar to drill and practice, is when you study and complete assessments until a set goal is reached. Unlike drill and practice, mastery learning activities are completed for a grade. For example, you (or your instructor) might set a AOL of 90 percent correct responses when learning foreign language vocabulary. You then study the vocabulary and take the test as many times as you need to until you reach your goal. Prior to the availability of electronic testing, it was not practical for instructors to create large question banks and administer multiple testing sessions. Http://study. Us. Deed assess student achievement? Identify the strategies and explain why you think they might be effective. Principal Harris should use the correct implementation of education technology. It will demonstrate the need for the correct implementation and use of education genealogy. Some factors for successful technology implementation are: (1) Effective professional devel opment for teachers in the integration of technology into instruction is necessary to support student learning. 2) Teachers’ direct application of technology must be aligned to local and/or state curriculum standards. (3) Technology must be incorporated into the daily learning schedule (I. E. , not as a supplement or after-school tutorial). (4) Programs and applications must provide individualized feedback to students and teachers and must have the ability to tailor lessons to individual student needs. 5) Student collaboration in the use of technology is more effective in influencing student achievement than strictly individual use. 6) Project-based learning and real-world simulations are more effective in changing student motivation and achievement than drill-and-practice applications. (7) Effective technology integration requires leadership, support, and modeling from teachers, administrators, and the community/parents. (Using Technology to Personalize Learning and Assess S tudents in Real-Time, Darrell M. West) The uses of technology in assessment of students can be separated into: technology s a tool of assessment; technology to assess learning. Technology as a tool of assessment is found fairly commonly in UK universities. By this, is meant the use of a technological facility to aid the process of assessment. Asking students, for example, to make a short video film to illustrate the flow of people through various routes in a National Park, and then viewing and grading it, would be using video as a tool of assessment. This could have been undertaken by setting students an essay question or asking them to make an oral presentation. Technology is used as a tool of assessment for a variety of reasons – it may prove ore efficient to watch 15 ten-minute videos than 15 ten-minute oral presentations. It may be that students learn a new range of skills and gain valuable experience from making the video, or that certain skills can be assessed more effectively. Whatever the reason, it is becoming increasingly common to use a range of technologies to supplement or replace traditional paper and pencil tests. Using technology to assess involves the use of technology to assign marks to an essay, practical or project. (Using Technology to Assess Student Learning 1 Joanna Bull) How to cite Case Study in Curriculum Development, Free Case study samples

Sannus Story free essay sample

B. Leprosy can affect the skin and Schwamm cells of peripheral nerves. Which events of sensation processing are most likely not functioning properly in Sannu’s Leporsy? Sensory neurons send out signals from the peripheral nervous system, so when it is affected by leprosy, the Schwamm cells are not sending the signals out to the sensory imput. C. Were somatic, visceral, or special senses being investigated when Dianna evaluated Sannu’s Achilles and Babinski reflex activity? No, she was just investigating just his somatic and visceral. D. Sannu has lost sensations of pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure. What types of receptor endings mediate the detections of the sensations? By losing sensations of pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure, Sannu has lost encapsulated nerve endings that are receptors for pressure and vibration as well as Free nerve endings which are the receptors for pain, temperature, itch, and some touch sensation. Sannu’s Exteroceptors will be affected by this as well because these receptors are sensitive to what is going on outside the body, such as pain, temperature, pressure, touch, and vibration E. We will write a custom essay sample on Sannus Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Leprosy infects the body via the skin, typically in the cooler regions of the body. Based on this information, would Sannu’s interoceptors be affected? Yes, because the interoceptors are to monitor the blood vessels, visceral organs and nervous system. When Sannu lost sensory feeling he is losing part of his nervous system. If the nerves are not reacting to pain, temperature, pressure, touch, and vibration, then this means his nervous system has been affected, which in turn means his interoceptors are affected by this disease. F. Sannu describes pain in his leg. What receptors mediate sensations of pain? What type of pain is Sannu’s â€Å"burning† pain, fast or slow? The burning pain that Sannu describes is a slow pain because it is a pain that increases and intensifies over a period of time, the receptors that mediate this pain is Nociceptors. G. What type of peripheral receptors would be activated in a normal, intact limb to produce the sensations Sannu is experiencing in his â€Å"phantom limb†? The type of receptors that would be activated with a normal intact limb would be proprioceptor, these are in our muscles and tendons and tells us the when and where our muscles and tendons need to contract, this is also includes the proprioceptive sensations which tells us where our head and limbs are and how we move them even if we are not looking at them. H. Sannu has experienced two devastating events: loss of myelination of peripheral nerves and below-the-knee amputation of a leg. Sannu has been experiencing sensations in a limb that had no sensation prior to amputation. How might this be possible? Sannu is experiencing sensations in a limb that had not sensations prior to amputation because the brain and spinal cord continue to send signals like the amputated limb is still there. I. Since Sannu has lost his leg and since sensory input to the somatosensory cortex of the brain will be non-existent, what might happen to the representation of his amputated lag on the somatosensory map? J. Could the loss of input from proprioceptors in the amputated leg affect Sannu’s sense of balance and equilibrium? K. Was the sensory loss that Sannu experienced initially due to interference of central nervous system processing or sensory pathway transmission? L. What damage was done by bacterial infection of the nervous system that led to Sannu’s symptoms? M. What type of receptor should have initially sensed the injury to Sannu’s foot? N. What part of his brain was mediating the odd sensations Sannu felt following the amputation of his foot? O. Is Sannu at any higher risk than anyone else in his village for developing Parkinson disease (which involves changes in the basal nuclei) because of his leprosy infection and symptoms or the amputation?

AP Biology enzyme cataylst lab report Sample Essay Example

AP Biology enzyme cataylst lab report Sample Paper AP Biology enzyme cataylst lab report Essay Introduction The purpose of activity C is o determine the rate at which H2O spontaneously decomposes when exposed to room temperatures and ambient light for 24 hours. The purpose of activity D is to determine the rate at which catalane decomposes H2O. After adding HOSTS for different time lashes, etc. , the resulting data will be graphed at which the catalane decomposed by catalane. Background: The four different activities to the enzyme catalyst lab have similar but different backgrounds. Activity Ass background is to investigate the specific reaction of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by the enzyme, catalane. Hydrogen Peroxide decomposes lowly into water and oxygen, and the addition of catalane lowers the activation energy of the reaction until it proceeds to a room temperature. The catalane will is unchanged and is usable for to catalyst the reaction of more hydrogen peroxide. The background of activities A, B, and C is to determine the concentration of H2O in a solution. To do this, th e concentration of an unknown will be used, such as a solution of 0. 1 N, which is normal. When titration is done, 5 ml of acid will go in a beaker. When pH indicator paper is added, the paper will turn yellow if it is an acid and green if the solution is neutral. AP Biology enzyme cataylst lab report Essay Body Paragraphs This is the endpoint of titration. In the activities, 2% potassium permanganate will be used to titrate H2O. When the H2O reacts with the potassium permanganate, which is dark purple, the solution will become persistent or neutral pink or pale light brown. This ends the titration for the part. Materials: Four H2O in labeled cup Three HOSTS in labeled cup Catalane on ice Three Km Unlabeled 60 ml cup Test tubes Test tube holders Test tube racks Four syringe labeled H2O Transfer pipettes Glass rods Scalpels Potato Cube Hot plate Cup labeled Baseline Two Cup labeled titration Syringe labeled HOSTS Syringe labeled transfer Titration syringe Distilled water in cup labeled 20th Cup labeled unconcealed decomposition Cup labeled H2O overnight Cups labeled respectively 10 sec, 30 sec, 60 sec, 120 sec, and 180 sec. Procedure: Activity A 1 . With the syringe labeled H2O and transfer 10 ml of H2O into the unlabeled 60 ml cup. Add 1 ml of catalane to the unlabeled cup. Observe. 2. With a transfer pipette, transfer 5 ml of catalane to a test tube. Place the test in water filled beaker on the hot plate, and let it boil. 3. Transfer 10 ml of H2O into clean cup. Add 1 ml of catalane to the cup. Observe. Wash out beaker. Cut a potato cube about LLC on the sides. Place the cube in an unlabeled cup and crush with a glass rod. Don’t use too much force as the rod will break. Activity B 1. Use H2O syringe and put 10 ml of H2O in 60 ml cup labeled baseline. 2. Add 1 ml of distilled water from 20th cup to baseline cup with transfer pipette. 3. Use H2O syringe and add 10 ml of 1 M HOSTS from HOSTS cup to baseline cup. 4. Mix contents of baseline cup by swirling the cup. 5. Use 5 ml syringe labeled transfer and remove 5 ml of baseline cup solution and put it in the cup labeled titration. Rinse the syringe afterwards. Titrate the 5 ml sample to determine the baseline amount of H2O. Activity C 1 . Use H2O syringe and transfer 10 ml of H2O from the H2O overnight cup to the 60 ml cup l abeled unconcealed decomposition. 2. With the transfer pipette, add 1 ml of distilled water from the 20th cup to the unconcealed decomposition cup. 3. With the 10 ml syringe labeled HOSTS, add 10 ml of M HOSTS from HOSTS cup to the unconcealed decomposition. 4. Swirl the unconcealed decomposition cup to mix the contents. 5. With the 5 ml syringe labeled transfer, remove 5 ml of the reaction mixture and put it in the titration cup. Rinse the transfer syringe. 6. Titrate the sample to determine the amount of H2O left in the solution after 24 hours. Activity D 1. Line up the 60 ml cups with the labels 10 sec; 30 sec, 60 sec, 120 sec, and 180 sec. Use the H2O syringe and add 10 ml of H2O to each cup. 2. Before starting each test, pressure 10 ml of HOSTS in the HOSTS syringe, so the reaction can be stopped right away. 3. One person should add the reagents while another person keeps time. 4. For the 10 second time trial. With the transfer pipette, add 1 ml of catalane extract to the 10 se c cup. Right after hat, swirl the cup to mix the contents. The reaction will take place after adding catalane. At 10 seconds, add the HOSTS to the cup. 5. Repeat with 30 sec, 60 sec, 120 sec, and 180 sec. Data/Results: Activity A results Testing for enzyme activity – The reaction was an enzymatic reaction because the chemicals and substances reacted. There was fizzing and bubbling after the reaction. Right when the chemical was added to the solution, the solution started fizzing right away. After about 5 seconds, small bubbles started forming, and they all moved towards the center of the cup. As a result, one big bubble formed hen they came together, and when the bubble got too big, it popped and the process would repeat over again. The effect of boiling on enzyme activity – The reaction when the catalane was boiled, had the same results as the testing for enzyme activity results. The solution still boiled and formed bubbles, as well as the process of the small bubbles joining together. The only difference was that the reaction time was slower. This would repeat over and over slower than at room temperature. Testing for catalane in living tissue – For the last procedure of activity a, we had to find out whether living tissue would react to catalane, such s a potato. We mashed up the potato with the glass rod, and we added H2O for the reaction. According to observations, the only thing that happened was that bubbles formed and the potato got soggy after 24 hours in the catalane. Activity B Initial Volume Final Volume 1 ml A Volume 4 ml In activity b, we composed a baseline that held H2O, H2O, and 1 M HOSTS. We swirled the contents to mix them together. With the 5 ml syringe labeled transfer, we removed 5 ml of the baseline solution put it in the cup labeled titration. After that, we titrated the solution to determine the baseline amount of H2O. The solution turned a brown color when we added Km to titrate it. The initial volume was 5 ml, th e final volume is 1 ml, and the change is 4 ml. Activity c 5 ml 0. 6 ml 4. 4 ml In activity c, we made unconcealed decomposition with H2O, 20th, and 1 M HOSTS. During this part, we had to take the 5 ml syringe labeled transfer and remove 5 ml of the mixture and put it in the titration cup. We titrated the sample by adding 5 ml of Km to determine the amount of H2O left in the solution after 24 hours. The titration turned brown and over a 24 hour time period it remained the same color when exposed to oxygen. Activity D 10 sec 30 sec 60 sec 120 sec sec 3. 1 ml 6 ml 2 ml 18 ml 2. 8 ml 2. Ml 3. 4 ml 3 ml 3. 2 ml 2. 2 ml . 2 ml 2. 6 ml H2O decomposed 0. 018 ml 0. 2 ml 0. 81 ml 2. 81 ml . 41 ml In activity d, we did time trials of how fast H2O decomposes to exposure of catalane. We gathered all the cups so we could have them ready for each time trial. For 10 seconds, we pre-filled the HOSTS syringe, so it would be ready right at 10 seconds. We added 1 ml of catalane to the 10 second cup, a nd above are the results. Lab Questions: 1 . Changes that I observed that indicates a chemical change was occurring were hat I observed fizzing and bubbles, so the solution is chemically changing due to a reaction. . The balanced equation for the reaction is E+S t] SEES 0 E+P 3. A. Substrate: S B. Enzyme: E C. Intermediate complex that formed: SEES D. Products: P 1. Procedure – 2. Boiling decreases the activity because Hydrogen bonds absorb excess heat and break the bonds. The enzyme will lose its structure and therefore its ability to bind to its substrate, this is called denomination. 3. Three factors that would affect the activity of catalane are temperature, pH, and concentration. Overall, all three of these will slow down catalane activity. The temperature for catalane is 37 degrees Celsius, which his human body temperature, and changing the nature would just nature the catalane. Analysis of Results 1 . It is necessary to determine a baseline for H2O because the baseline is the controlled variable. Without the baseline, observations and recordings can’t be made. 2. The addition of HOSTS stops the reaction because HOSTS, or sulfuric acid, denatures the enzyme. Therefore the shape of the active site changes and it no longer matches the substrate, making it a different substance. 3. Pig. 5 | the dependent variable is the decomposed H2O and the independent arable is the times. 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds, 120 seconds, and 180 seconds) 4. The line on my graph represents the data on table 3. It shows that at 10 seconds, . 018 ml of H2O was decomposed. For 30 seconds, . 20 ml was decomposed, etc. 5. The graph of table 3 shows the rate over time, and it is not fairly constant at all. From 60 to 1 20 seconds the decomposing rate was about 2 ml, but the 120 to 180 seconds decreases by 2. 6. On lab packet. 7. The initial rate of the catalane is approximately . 0649 ml/seconds. Conclusion: The enzyme catalyst lab’s purpose was to investiga te enzyme reactions when exposed to different things. In this lab, we put in catalane in a cup with H2O and observed, we boiled it, and we used live tissue, such as a potato. We also made mixtures and titrated them to see the amount of H2O in a solution after titration. Evermore, we did timed reactions to see the decomposing rate of the enzymes. In activity A, when we added the catalane to the H2O, bubbles started to form and there was slight fizz. The purpose of this lab is to see whether enzymatic reactions will take place on some substances and/or in certain states, such as boiling water and live potato tissue. The bubbles got smaller, and they moved into the center. As for the boiling substance, it was the same, but the process was slower. I conclude that this occurred because the solution was changing state when it boils, so the particles move faster causing a slower reaction. In activity B and C we titrated the solutions, but they were slightly different. The point in this lab was to find out the baseline amount of H2O after titration. For activity B, we titrated a baseline consisting of H2O, HOSTS, and 20th. For activity C we did the same thing but we made unconcealed decomposition. We will write a custom essay sample on AP Biology enzyme cataylst lab report Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on AP Biology enzyme cataylst lab report Sample specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on AP Biology enzyme cataylst lab report Sample specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

buy custom Designing a Computer System to Replace a Customer’s Employees essay

buy custom Designing a Computer System to Replace a Customer’s Employees essay Introduction Computer ethics is distinguished from other ethics in the sense that it is mainly concerned with how computing professionals should make the right decisions regarding social and professional aspects and other computer related ethical issues. In fact, computer ethics requires one to cope with more than mere traditional ethical issues that are applied to computer technology. As Johnson (2009) asserts, computer related ethical issues arise from the different roles of the computer such as processors and repositories of information such as unauthorized access of information or stored files; procedures of new types of assets and forms such as computer programs; instruments of acts such as the degree in which computer users are responsible for the appropriateness and integrity of data and information; and symbols of deception and intimidation by perceiving computers as thinking machines. Basing on the above arguments, this paper will analyze whether the replacement of human labor with an au tomated production system is ethical or not. Case summary We are introduced to a system analyst of a software development firm, who is mandated to develop a new computer system that would improve the organizations production. However, this new computer application is designed to replace as many employees as possible in the production department. This is not a unique scenario because more and more workers are being replaced in many organizations as a result of technological advances. On the other hand, the system analyst finds himself in an ethical dilemma because his brother-in-law is one of the production employees to be replaced. After being informed of the impending consequences of introducing the automated system by his brother-in-law, the system analyst has to decide between developing the system or not. In sustaining the spirit and objective between his employers company and the clients, he continues with design by sticking to the stipulated requirements as diligently as possible. Case analysis This project is simple only if the human factors are not put into consideration. This is because the system analyst has the capability of developing as many applications as the company wants without any resistance from the affected employees. In this case, the system analyst has to deal with resistance from the employees that will be affected by the new system. It is apparent that the by designing more automated systems, more employees will be rendered jobless after they have been implemented. Considering that a family member to the system analyst will be affected, many people would consider this project unethical. There several questions arise from the above case, for instance; are there any ethical issues involved in this case; is the system analyst ethical or unethical in designing the system as required by his employer and; what are the general principles that apply in this case? To answer the above questions, it is imperative to understand what is meant by automation, the main reason as to why the company wanted to automate its production process, the advantages and disadvantages of autoation, and the positive and negative impacts of automation to the economy as well as to the society. Automation is defined as the utilization of information technologies and the associated control systems to reduce the organizations reliance on human labor in the production of goods and services (Love, 2007). It is asserted that automation is a step beyond mechanization in the cooperate world. This can be attributed to the fact that while mechanization allows for the retention of employees with muscular requirements to operate machines, automation greatly reduces a companys reliance on human mental and sensory requirements. This means that mechanization employee retention but automation leads to the cutting down of employees. The present-day corporate world has embraced vario us automations applications such as answering machines, video surveillance, automated manufacturing, and automated teller machines. Traditionally, organizations relied on human labor to complete the activities that are associated with the above technologies. It goes without saying that many organizations are automating most of their processes because of the many advantages that come with automation. The main advantage of automation is that complex and monotonous activities or works, which were done in hazardous environments by human operators, can now be accomplished by automated systems. Rather than employing several people to complete a task that would otherwise be completed with one person, it is economical for a company to replace these workers (Love, 2007). Another significant advantage of automation is improved productivity within organizations and improved economic capabilities within societies. After many years of research, it has been established that automation not only stimulates economic growth, but also improves living standards world wide. Despite the fact that automation comes with numerous advantages, it also comes with some limitations. In reference to the case in discussion, it has been established that automation leads to job loss. Contrary t popular belief that automation leads to unemployment, it has been established that automation actually improves the quality of employment. For example, the introduction of automation has replaced menial and low paying jobs with higher paying and less menial jobs. Having highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of automation, it becomes clear that the system analysts decision did not contravene any ethical principles. By upholding the spirit of the contract, which was to embrace automation when need arose, the system analyst made the perfect choice since it would suit both the employer and the customers. In reference to ACM code 2.4, it is clear that the system analyst acted ethically. This ACM code requires members to design and develop systems that not only performs their intended functions, but also satisfy their employers and customers needs. This is exactly what the system analyst did. Similarly, ACM number 1.3 compels members to act faithfully on behalf of their employees of clients. If the system analyst could have sympathized with his brother-in-law at the expense of his employer or client, that would have been a betrayal on his part. Based on the two ACM codes, it is apparent that the system analyst did everything responsibly and withoutt contravening any ethical principles. It can be seen that his actions were meant for the well being of the company because automation would lead to high productivity and increased satisfaction for the customers. Additionally, it has been established that automated processes are cost effective the system analyst must have put this thought into consideration before designing the automated applications. Rather than wasting money by paying individuals who are performing repetitive chores and duties that do not need human supervision, the company would channel these funds to other activities that can improve productivity, hence improved profitability. It can be seen that employees should be used to activities and duties that require skill and knowledge, rather than getting used to repetitive or simple tasks. Instead of being sent home, the employer would have considered retaining skilled and knowledgeable employees to operate these systems after being recommended by the system analyst. Therefore, rather than complaining about the looming displacement or replacement, the complaining employee should have taken the initiative of adding some skills and knowledge to secure his position at the company, rather than relying on his brother-in-laws sympathies. Deploying the automated systems will enable employees to upgrade their skills and match the positions that need more brain values. On his part, the system analysts brother-in-law was not unethical in bringing his and the predicaments of his fellow workers to the attention of the system analyst. Considering that the company would lay off some of its employees without assisting them in any way to find alternative jobs, this employee was right to complain. It seems like the company was unethical because it was depriving-off the retrenched employees their main source of livelihood. This can be attributed to the fact that the employer was contravening the general principal of social responsibility. It is asserted that a responsible employer should ensure that the impact caused to displaced or replaced employees is minimized when making any productivity improvements (Ryan 2009). By complaining, the system analysts brother-in-law was not only concerned with his welfare, but also for the welfare of fellow workers who would be affected. In conclusion, there would have been an ethical breach if the system analyst headed to his brother-in-laws asserting. In respect of the contract between the system analyst and his employer and the employer and its customers, the analyst did the right thing in upholding that contract. Ethically, it is wrong for a person to be guided by his or her personal relationships when making an important decision, especially if it goes against the customers wish. As discussed earlier, the general principle centers on the employer. When an organization rolls out a maser plan that is aimed at reducing the labor force through the introduction of an automated system, it must consider the social impacts that this decision might cause. It is the employers duty to find alternative positions for the affected employees. Alternatively, the company can provide adequate training for its employees so that they can handle complex jobs that may culminate from the deployment of automated systems. Buy custom Designing a Computer System to Replace a Customer’s Employees essay

Academic Voice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Academic Voice - Essay Example Hence, it is critical that each student's "academic voice" come across in their writings. Voice can be defined as the way in which an argument is presented, supported, evaluated and conclusions drawn from it for practical applications (Demetriou, Goalen & Rudduck, 2000). This begins with the way in which a topic is introduced, and then the structure of the student's interpretation of the topic and accompanying supportive data to justify their point of view. It is important to distinguish academic voice from paraphrasing and direct quoting of other authors, which is used as the evidence to support the writer's conclusions (Brearly, 2000). It is clear that academic voice is essential to the concept of analyzing other writer's non-fiction text. This paper will critically review the use of academic voice with regard to mature age students taking psychology courses. Firstly, academic voice will be more fully described. Secondly, how academic voice can be used will be outlined, with reference to mature aged psychology students. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of the paper to demonstrate the important benefits of cultivating academic voice and the contributions of mature aged students to the discipline of psychology. Describing Academic Voice Voice can be classified into three general forms; 1) audible voice, as in how much a reader will "hear" the text; 2) dramatic voice, to determine what type of writer is implied by the text; and 3) one's own voice, which is the relationship of the text to the actual writer of the text (Eisner, 1998). It is evident that the written word is more likely to be heard when the writer's syntax, rhythms and word-choices are characteristic of their own speech patterns. Textual cues, for example, simple sentences that are not wordy, and those which communicate a sense of mental activity, will draw the reader's attention to the audibility of the material. A dramatic element of a text can be cultivated from the former audible voice. As to a writer's own voice, it is comprised of three key elements; there is a distinctive recognizable tone; the impression of actually "having a voice" or "having the authority to speak"; and the "authentic voice" which is the resonance or meaningful relationships b etween the text and the actual writer of the material, in contrast to the implied author (Demetriou et al., 2000). So that a writer who is aware of the persona or image of themselves that is projected in their writing will be able to practice promoting and muting this voice, depending on the context of their composition.In general, new writers who are inexperienced are not aware that they can create their own persona within their writings (Demetriou et al., 2000). Often, due to their lack of experience new writers will use an inappropriate voice, for example using lengthy sentences comprised of jingoism in an attempt to portray themselves as knowing more about a topic than what they actually do. Sometimes, their writings may be overly casual, which is usually completely inappropriate for academic writing, and subsequently their text is not taken seriously by the reader, and so respect and authority is not fostered by their compositions. By way of learning about academic voice a stud ent writer can develops an understanding of the different types of voice, becoming aware of their own voice and of techniques that can be used to change their voice.Undergraduate writers

Leader in Globalized Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leader in Globalized Workplace - Essay Example It is no coincidence that globalisation enables organisations to compete for scarce resources and customer preferences internationally. Globalisation leads to and facilitates reduced labor costs, lower costs of manufacturing and marketing, and greater demand for products and services, especially from the third world countries (Bartlett & Ghoshal 1989; Harris & Morgan 1996). Apparently, leaders working in global organisations need new skills and knowledge to manage these organisations through the global change. Unfortunately, in light of the emerging globalisation trends the significance of national culture gradually wanes. The absence of geographical boundaries erases the existing cultural differences among employees. Yet, it is at least wrong to assume that globalisation eradicates the effects of national cultures on individual level outcomes; this being said, leaders in globalised workplace need a cultural intuition and understanding of the main cultural conventions affecting their followers. Globalisation and culture: Hofstede assumptions and their limitations in globalised workplace National culture has always been one of the central measures of effectiveness in organisations. With the advent of international organisational forms, national culture has come to exemplify an important source of influences on individual employee outcomes and one of the central objects of organisation analysis. Hosftede’s model of cultural influences on organisations has become the seminal element in the evolution of cultural knowledge in organisation research. Since then, â€Å"most of the research on culture has focused on identifying the core cultural values that differentiate cultures† (Erez & Gati 2004, p.584). Hofstede (1980) and Schwarz (1999) are rightly considered as the gurus in the analysis of cultural values and their implications for organisational and workplace behaviours. Hofstede’s study of national culture is one of the most frequently cited works in the research of national culture and its effects on organisational performance. In 1980 Hofstede published the results of a broad survey of almost 120,000 personnel from a large multinational company in the U.S., where he proposed a system of the national culture dimensions to measure and predict the relationship between culture and employee performance in the workplace (Hannerz 1992; Hofstede 1980). The central implication of Hofstede’s study is that national cultures as clusters of shared norms, values, and beliefs greatly affect and actually predict the way employees act in the workplace. In other words, depending on the cultural belonging of the employees, his (her) workplace behaviours and reactions can be modeled in advance. For example, individuals born and operating in masculine culture are prone to value competition, performance and success, whereas those born in â€Å"feminine† cultures are more likely to value caring, warm social relationships, and quality of life (Hofstede 1980; Leung 1989; Rohen & Shenkar 1986). The individualism-collectivism dimensions presented by Hofstede (1980) allow defining the degree to which employees are group- and socially-oriented (Chen, Chen & Meindl

Introduction quiz Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction quiz - Assignment Example According to Bouvier, Craig & Gossman (1994), the RÃ ¼tlischwur was a solemn oath taken by the cantons ancestors in the year 1291 while at the Riitli. The oath was meant to task the ancestors with the role of controlling law and justice in the area. The physical location of Switzerland made Switzerland confederation to receive a lot of external pressure from the neighboring states. This, together with politics of the region resulted to enhanced mandate of the confederation to be the highest body for internal and external interventions (Bouvier, Craig & Gossman, 1994). True. According to Bouvier, Craig & Gossman (1994), the collaborative interest of the three cities to protect their autonomy from external forces and to secure its people provides that the sovereignty lies in the autonomy. This is made possible by flexible constitutions that allows for easy amendments. True. Switzerland was created with the need for each canton to maintain its autonomy, and preserve its culture. The culture of all the cities thus plays a major role in contributing to the overall culture of Switzerland (Bouvier, Craig & Gossman, 1994). True. The 16th century reformation of the three cities continues to shape the culture of Switzerland. However, the flexibility of Switzerland’s constitution allows for adjustments and changes (Bouvier, Craig & Gossman, 1994). Calvin expelled religious leaders and teachers who encouraged wrongdoing by claiming that wrongdoing committed unwillingly it cannot be considered a sin. This made people to be more cautious with their behavior. He also trained people on the importance of political responsibility (Bouvier, Craig & Gossman, 1994). Henry Dunant’s strategy to have leaders involved in community activities meant to minimize human suffering was similar to Calvin’s quest to protect the people from political interference by ensuring that politicians take responsibility (Bouvier, Craig &

What is penal welfarism? Garlands theory.

What is penal welfarism? Garlands theory. What is penal welfarism? Evaluate the impact it has had on juvenile justice reform in the UK from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present. In order to evaluate the impact of penal welfarism upon juvenile justice reform, the concept will be defined with reference to Garland (2001). The contributing societal factors to the emergence of penal welfarism in juvenile justice reform will then be assessed. The practical and legal achievements of penal welfarism in the juvenile justice system will be identified. Challenges to penal welfarism will be outlined, with particular reference to alternate conceptions of youth justice and criminality. The demise of the penal welfarism approach will be assessed, with specific reference to the motivating societal factors and comparison between the Welsh, English and Scottish juvenile justice systems. Penal welfarism as defined by Garland (2001) as a structural response to crime that is composed of two ideological standpoints. Due process and proportionate punishment, with their inherent liberal ideologies, ensure that all the rights of the juvenile offender are respected. The punishment is fitting to the crime and the circumstances of the juvenile offender. Rehabilitation and offender welfare are approached from a correctionalist viewpoint. This entails that the punishment served by the offender maintains a focus upon the rehabilitation of the offender, as does the approach of professionals who work with the offender during the punishment period. In short, penal welfarism suggests that rehabilitation will be most effective if the offender is provided with positive motivation while in the care of the penal reform system. The logic behind the practice is that if the offender is provided with the opportunity to progress in the penal institution, they will wish to continue to do so w hen released back into society. The notion of penal welfarism is derived from applying the practicalities of the welfarism ideology to the penal system. The welfarism concept asserts that policy requires evaluation in terms of its consequences (Kaplow Shavell, 2002). This assessment is most frequently made using a utilitarian approach, i.e. the usefulness of the approach in question. The logical application of this concept to the penal system dictates that policy regarding offender treatment should be assessed in terms of offender rehabilitation, i.e. the offender will not repeatedly offend upon release and as a result society will be safer. The focus is upon the usefulness of the punishment, i.e. its resulting benefit to society and improvement of personal conditions. Therefore penal welfarism maintains a focus on respecting the rights of the individual and maintaining a rehabilitative approach as this is deemed to be the most beneficial approach for both the offender and for society. The formation and application of penal welfarism to juvenile justice reform is interrelated with the emergence of a welfare state at the turn of the 20th century (Garland, 2002). The welfare state was implemented by the Liberal government in order to meet demands to negate social insecurity while protecting free trade and a capitalist economy (Daunton, 2007). The emergence of free trade had resulted in increased unemployment and harsher social conditions for those at the lower end of the pay spectrum. However, free trade and capitalism were deemed as models that required protection. Therefore pensions, health services and other such welfare services were centralized and nationalized to ensure that these individuals would be protected in the capitalist state. Garland (2002) identifies these welfare systems as being rooted in ideologies of protection and integration, so that even the most disadvantaged members of society are protected by the welfare state. Out of this ideology was born penal welfarism for juvenile justice. As these social and economical reforms based taxation upon the basis of the individual workers rather than according to the class system (Leonard, 2003), each member of society was treated upon the basis of individual circumstance, in theory dispelling the class system. Therefore, within the penal system for juvenile justice, individualism arose where the rights and rehabilitation of each offender was considered. The main legal and practical development in respect to penal welfarism was the separation of individuals under the age of 21 from adults in the justice system. In light of the requirement to individualize and respect the rights of each juvenile offender, juvenile courts were officially established by the Children Act 1908 (Goldson Muncie, 2008). In addition to this, corrective Borstals were created for juveniles under the age of 21. Individuals could be sentenced to a period in such an institution for between one and three years. It was considered that these institutions were to focus on rehabilitation of the juvenile, and the training of the juvenile to be re-integrated with society upon their release (Muncie, 2006). The role of the juvenile justice system was further defined by the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (Ikin, 1933). This Act entailed the reorganization of reform schools so that they provided education to offenders; and training so that they may find employment upon completion of their sentence. Furthermore capital punishment for any offender below the age of 18 was abolished by the Act. Issues of anonymity were also covered (Ikin, 1933). The media were and are able to report the name of an adult offender if it was deemed to serve public interests. However, the identity of juvenile offenders was protected by the law. The penal welfarism approach to juvenile justice was criticized on both economical and ideological grounds. Economically, this system, and the welfare system in general, was criticized as being born out of fear of free trade and the emergence of corporations as the dominant financial players in society (Platt, 2002). Increased spending on the welfare system and individualist taxation were contributing factors to this. Ideologically, the concept has been challenged with reference to the societal conception of crime reformation and with reference to the individual in the system. In terms of the latter, it is the goal of reformation that is problematic. For example, Hudson (2002) outlines institutional sexism that was apparent in the penal welfarism definitions of rehabilitation. Discrepancies in the social moral code that must be adhered to by males and females highlighted unfairness in the treatment of females in this system. While rehabilitation of the male juvenile offender focused on the criminal act, female rehabilitation focused much more strongly on personal and sexual behaviour within society. In terms of societal conceptions of crime, it has been argued that viewing the juvenile as on a linear path through deviance (diversion) may be more effective in terms of negating re-offending (Austin Krisberg, 2002). Furthermore, re-defining what is considered a criminal act, for example, the redefinition of drug use as a social as opposed to a criminal problem; may result in a more effective approach to the problem in comparison to penal welfarism (Austin Krisberg, 2002). After a period of a Labour government working to enhance the ideology of care for the juvenile offender in the 1960s; the penal welfarism approach began to decline when the Conservatives came to power in the 1970 General Election (Smith, 2007). It was considered that the judicial and welfare aspects had become disjointed, and the focus began to grow upon the judicial proceedings of the system. This is evident by the significant increase in the number of juveniles receiving custodial sentences in the 1970s (Rutter Giller, 1983). The ideology increasingly narrowed onto punishment and control (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002) throughout the 1980s, especially in England and Wales. The issue of juvenile crime was focused onto the victims, with the criminals perpetrated as depraved (Jones, 1994). Echoes of this can be seen in present day society where hooded teenagers are feared by adult society (for an example of this see MacLean, 2008). Importantly, the Criminal Justice Act 1991 brought in a s eparation of systems, one to deal with juveniles requiring judicial attention, and one for those in need of welfare provision (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002). While England and Wales fully segregated these two systems, Scottish practices of juvenile justice policies maintained a higher level of communication between the two approaches. However, societal moral panics regarding serious youth crime and repeat offending has created a concern that juvenile offenders are not aware of the impact of their actions (Jones, 1994). This could possibly be related to the breakdown of community. These concerns have paved the way for a juvenile justice ideology that is based upon restorative justice as set out by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002). Penal welfarism refers to a system that presents positive motivations for juvenile offenders to develop while in the penal system. The concept arose with the birth of the welfare state. Penal welfarism resulted in the segregation of juveniles from adults in the judicial process, the eradication of capital punishment for juveniles and anonymity of juvenile offenders from the media. As a concept, it was challenged for the welfare state’s impact upon free trade. It was also challenged by its characterisation of the juvenile offender; diversion and decriminalisation were offered as alternate ideologies. The concept demised with the segregation of welfare and judicial proceedings for adolescents. Societal factors for this include a fear of the juvenile offender. This has led to a focus on restorative justice which is implemented in juvenile reform today. References Austin, J., Krisberg, B. (2002). Wider, stronger and different nets: the dialects of criminal justice reform. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Daunton, M. (2007). Wealth and Welfare: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1851-1951). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Garland, D. (2001). The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Garland, D. (2002). Penal strategies in a welfare state. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Geisthorpe, L., Morris, A. (2002). Restorative Youth Justice: the last vestiges of welfare? In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Goldson, B., Muncie, J. (2008). Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Hudson, A. (2002). ‘Troublesome girls’: Towards alternative definitions and policies. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Ikin, A.E. (1933). Children and Young Persons Act, 1933: Being the Text of the Statute together with Explanatory Notes. London: Sir I. Pitman and Sons. Jones, M. (1994). Images and reality: Juvenile crime, youth violence and public policy. London: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Kaplow, L., Shavell, S. (2002). Fairness versus Welfare.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Leonard, M. (2003). Promoting Welfare? Government Information Policy and Social Citizenship. Bristol: Policy Press. MacLean, D. (2008). New hoodies are a yob’s dream. The Shields Gazette, 9th August. Muncie, J. (2006). From Borstal to YOI. In Y. Jewkes H. Johnston (Eds.) Prison Readings. Devon: Willan Publishing. Platt, A. (2002). The triumph of benevolence: the origins of the juvenile system in the United States. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Rutter, M., Giller, H. (1983). Juvenile Delinquency: Trends and Perspectives. New York: Guilford Publications. Smith, R. (2007). Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy, Practice. Devon: Willan Publishing.

An Inspector Calls - Examining the Role of Sheila After the Inspector h

An Inspector Calls - Examining the Role of Sheila After the Inspector has Left Examining the Role of Sheila After the Inspector has Left An Inspector Calls is a play that was written by J.B. Priestley in 1945 and is set in 1912, focusing on a respectable upper class family; the Birlings. 'Inspector Goole' interrupts a joyful engagement celebration party between Sheila Birling and Gerald Croft, and the Inspector announces the horrifying news that, "Two hours ago a young woman died in the Infirmary. She'd been taken there because she'd swallowed a lot of strong disinfectant." The characters react in extremely different ways to this information and Sheila emerges a very strong and conscientious character. We begin to discover the hidden depths behind each character's outer appearance as the play continues. We start to find out each family member's involvement with Eva Smith's horrendous suicide as the Inspector interrogates them, trying to make them feel guilty and responsible for her tragic death. During the play, some characters show feelings of guilt and remorse but others simply dismiss the death completely. The play conveys a very strong message that we have the power to change other people's lives and we should all care and look out for each other. Throughout this essay I am going to be examining the role of Sheila, subsequent to the Inspector's departure. Sheila and Eric, the younger generation, have opinions that totally contrast their mother and father's and they particularly get a chance to show their feelings following the Inspector's visit. Mr Birling gets very irate and angry and is exceptionally quick to blame his son, Eric, for the whole incident and disruption. He complains, "Yo... ...summarises their behaviour throughout the play. Sheila's mature attitude was shown throughout the play, and her guilt and willingness to learn from her mistakes were also displayed. Sheila came through as a caring and thoughtful character and also an intelligent and realistic girl. Eric generally followed his sister, who was a powerful character with moral thoughts, but their views contrasted them of the older generation. Mr and Mrs Birling and Gerald all acted irresponsibly, behaved immaturely and acted insensibly. Sheila did put forward her feelings, but her parents wouldn't listen to them or simply dismissed of them. Sheila knew what was the right thing to do, but unfortunately her parents wouldn't listen to her. If the whole family had acted similarly to Sheila, the outcome would have most probably been contrary of the unfortunate ending in the play.

Factors Affecting Organizational Behavior Essay

All companies today have internal and external forces that impact organizational behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of internal and external forces on organizational behavior. The four forces we will discuss are, customer demands relating to Sinclair Oil, economic forces outside of Select Portfolio Servicing, restructuring within Nestle, and globalization factors relating to Northrop Grumman. Customer Demands Customer demands have a large impact on organizational behavior (OB) of the Sinclair Oil Corporation (SOC). SOC owns and operates three oil refineries, a trucking division, a pipeline division, the retail service stations, and eight hotels and resorts. The diverse nature of the company leads to many different customer demands. The oil refineries have two types of customers. The first is the retail service stations. The refineries must produce enough finished product each day to supply the service stations in 17 different states. The second type of customer is the federal government. Over the last eight years SOC has held the contract to provide jet fuel to Hill Air Force base. The average amount of finished product produced at the refineries is 600 hundred thousand barrels a day. This output is usually enough to supply the service stations needs and have some oil to put into reserve. Working conditions within the refinery are inherently dangerous, if production cannot keep up with demands operators often begin to feel additional pressure to keep pace; this distress can lead to additional dangers. There are three different types of hotels and resorts within the SOC/Little America organization. There are roadside properties, which cater to travelers and tourists, the elegant hotels and the ski resorts. Each type of property gears itself and its organizational behavior towards the customer base. The roadside properties, such as Little America Cheyenne, have a more casual approach to the customers; due to the affluent nature at the Grand America the environment is formal. The resorts are highly influenced with a European flair. This help the customers feel a sense of adventure. Economy While customer demands are one of the primary forces on SOC, economic forces greatly impact the OB of Select Portfolio Servicing (SPS). SPS is a mortgage servicing company. The resource group or hardship group is within the loan resolution department. Loan resolution assists borrowers who have fallen delinquent on their mortgage. The resource group assists customers that have hardship, such as, illness, death, loss of employment for extended periods of time, and property damage. When the economy falters the activities of loan resolution are in higher demand. Loan resolution and the resource group profit off the economic hardship of their customers. The purpose of loan resolution is to turn loss into profit for their investors. Loan resolution limits or prevents the loss which the investor experiences when a customer defaults. Loan resolution is paid based off of the percentage of delinquent accounts that they get re-performing, get paid in full, or liquidate for a loss. With the faulty economy there is more a more work that loan resolution must perform. Loan resolution is understaffed and overworked. The influx of high phone call volumes has caused little time for the resource group to complete their administrative duties. Morale is low department wide, largely due to the administration feeling they are performing two jobs daily. Answering phone calls and trying to complete the work the inbound calls generate cannot be completed eight hours a day. While loan resolution’s numbers still satisfy the investors giving them business, the administrative departments, such as, the resource group are becoming stressed and overwhelmed with a never-ending workload. Restructuring Economic factors affect companies like SPS and Nestlà © alike, but Nestle has chosen restructuring as the answer to its dilemma. Nestle is suffering from  the â€Å"big elephant† syndrome. In the old market diversifying and buying up the competition allowed it to survive and prosper, but in the new economy which is consumer driven the â€Å"big elephant† has been asked â€Å"to dance† for the customer. Nestle must rise to the challenge of change or it will be driven into extinction. The strategic decision makers at Nestle are trying to â€Å"trim the fat† on the elephant, and they have turned to organizational behavior to restructure their workforce. Globalization and technology have evened out the playing field for Nestle and its competition. Nestle as well as the competition is able to obtain the same raw materials at the same prices, and technology has allowed each company quick and efficient ways to process information. So, where will Nestle find its sustainable competitive advantage for the future? The innovation and the motivation of its employees will be the source of its sustainable advantage. Nestle needs to find a way of unlocking this source of intellectual capital. The corporate leaders feel restructuring is the key. This restructuring process has changed the organizational behavior of the company from a rigid hierarchical structure to a facilitator driven, empowered employee structure. The organization believes improving speed at the point of execution will make the business more successful, and it is the front line employees that are at the point of execution. To develop empowered employees organizational behavioral changes needed to be made. Monthly training has taken place on subjects like: change, communication, one hundred percent responsibility, situational leadership, and teamwork so far. Layers of supervision have been cut, and reincorporated into the workforce. Supervisors are being groomed as coaches and facilitators, instead micromanaging. Equipment operators are learning mechanical â€Å"first aid† to fix small problems and improve efficiency. A mentoring program has been instituted, so that empowered employees with positive attitudes are the role models for new workers. Globalization Northrop Grumman Corporation (NGC) considers itself a world class leader in  the production of military defense products. Many of these products are created for, and consumed by, customers in the United States, but many are also created and sold to companies and or countries all over the world. The company’s current position has not been easy to reach. Maintaining and growing this position requires constant vigilance in an ever expanding global market place. In fact, global factors in today’s economy have forced the company to make constant internal improvements to remain competitive in the global market. Exportation of intellectual property and gains in technological advances and capabilities of companies in countries abroad have resulted in more foreign competition. The entry of additional competitors in the defense business market has forced companies like NGC to look closely at internal business processes to find ways to gain or maintain a competitive edge. NGC has learned to modify the organizations overall behavior by training individuals in the use of business methods such as LEAN, Six Sigma and Training Within Industry (TWI). The following is a simplified description of what each of these business methods is intended to do. LEAN is specifically used to improve processes, manage inventory and manage movement of product throughout the production phase as well as eliminate practices which don’t add value. Six Sigma is applied as a tool to measure critical processes in a way that insures they stay under control. This is essentially done by setting control limits and then collecting data and analyzing the trends or movement of data as it relates to the control limits. TWI is being employed to ensure that every employee has the proper skill set to function within their specified job requirements. This training process employs a regiment of training that teaches, measures what has been learned, as well as maintains critical training information and/or tricks of the trade. This training method also provides the company with details of each employee’s specific capabilities and certifications. These internal changes have proven themselves invaluable to the company, saving NGC time, money, and valuable recourses as well as assist them in monitoring the company’s daily business. Most of all, changes in NGC’s OBhas been noticed by a number of the company’s customers who have noted the positive impact.

Octavian Augustus Glossary Entry

Octavian Augustus Glossary Entry Octavian, known to posterity as the Emperor Augustus Caesar, was the first emperor of Rome, the first of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, the adopted son of his great-uncle Julius Caesar, and possibly the most important man in Roman history. Octavian or Augustus lived from 63 B.C.-A.D. 14. Timeline of Octavian Augustus The date at which he began his rule could be either 31 B.C. when the forces of Augustus under Agrippa defeated those of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, or in 27 B.C. when Octavian became Augustus, a term of honor awarded him by the Senate. Octavian Augustus Achievements Octavian Augustus reformed the Praetorian Guard and laws on marriage and adultery, he had the power of a tribune and was Pontifex Maximus (head priest). He extended the boundaries of the Roman Empire, caused the Pax Romana, and built up the city of Rome. Misfortunes of Augustus Reign Through the long years of his reign, Octavian Augustus put an end to the already seriously decaying republican system of government. It was under his rule that Varus suffered a disastrous defeat in Teutoberg Wald, putting a temporary end to territorial ambition beyond the Rhine. His own daughter and grand-daughter defied Octavians lofty moral stance. Although both partners were demonstrably capable of producing children, Augustus failed to produce an heir with Livia, his wife during his long term as emperor. Ultimately, Octavian Augustus had little choice but to make his begrudging son-in-law, Livias son Tiberius, his successor- even though Tiberius wasnt much to his liking.

A Complete Guide to 2019 Interview Questions

A Complete Guide to 2019 Interview Questions The hardest part of preparing for an interview is the unknown factor. Although you can make assumptions about what you’ll be asked, you never know for sure until you’re there on the hot seat. Sure, you’ll be asked about your jobs, your skills, and your experience- but there are lots of different ways any given interviewer can go. While it is impossible to predict with 100% accuracy what might be thrown your way, you can do your best to prepare for the different scenarios you might see on interview day. The most asked interview questionLet’s start with THE interview question. The alpha. Without a doubt, the most  asked  interview question in existence is â€Å"Tell me about yourself.† It’s an easy ice-breaker, and it lets the interviewer start to get a sense of what you’re like as a candidate.Here’s how you can answer it:Tell Me About YourselfYour Elevator PitchThis  will most likely be the first question you’re aske d in any job interview, so it’s absolutely imperative you have your response ready to go.Interview questions measuring personalityUnlike the classic â€Å"Tell me about yourself,† questions measuring personality are a lot more uncommon, subtle, and complex. These are generally questions the employer has tailored to measure your personality and how  it would translate to the responsibilities of  their open position.Here are some examples:Ethical Interview QuestionsBehavioral Interview QuestionsHypothetical Interview QuestionsBrainteaser Interview QuestionsSituational Interview QuestionsProblem Solving QuestionsThese questions can be tricky because it’s not often clear what kind of answer the employer wants to hear. A person hiring someone for an accounting position may consider someone with an introverted personality a better fit for the job than someone who parties it up every Saturday, and vice versa.Interview questions you’re not expectingIt’ s less likely that you’ll be asked any of these interview questions, but as you can never be sure of anything in the interview game.  It’s always a good idea to prepare:Interview Questions You’re Not ExpectingRemember, these questions exist, which means they were all asked at one point or another. Don’t be the interviewee  that gets caught like a deer in headlights when faced with a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"gotcha† question.Here are some additional questions that you might not be expecting:â€Å"How would you fire someone?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What’s your idea of the perfect day?â€Å"â€Å"You’re driving down a dark road, during a wild storm. You drive past a bench†¦.â€Å"The â€Å"biggest challenge† interview questionIf the interviewer does ask you a question like, â€Å"What’s the most difficult part of being a [current job title]?† or â€Å"What was the toughest part of your last job?† here are ways you can frame your struggles  to make yourself look awesome:The Biggest Challenge Interview QuestionsQuestions relating to salaryThe job application process has a number of separate stages: applying, interviewing, job offer, then salary negotiation and acceptance. Most employers stick to this, and let the money talk wait until things are further along. But if they jump the gun and ask you up front for a) your current salary or b) desired salary, what do you do?Interview Questions Relating to SalaryInterview Questions About Your Current SalaryQuestions about salary are important to keep in mind. More and more states are passing legislation about what potential employers can and can’t ask you about your salary history, so make sure you know what your state’s current policies are, before you hand over that information to an interviewer.Illegal interview questionsOut of ignorance or slyness, an interviewer might try to get information out of you that the company is not allowed to fac tor into their hiring decisions. However, you’re not obligated to answer them- and in fact you shouldn’t.  Your battle plan should be to figure out why they’re asking (whether it has direct consequences for the job itself), and to decide whether you should answer.Illegal Interview Questions11 Unethical Interview Questions You Don’t Need to AnswerRed Flag QuestionsSome of the hardest questions you’ll encounter might be illegal, so it’s important to know what the danger zone questions are, and why you don’t need to answer them. And if there’s an out-of-bounds question being asked, don’t panic. Just say you don’t feel comfortable answering it, and deftly steer the topic to something else you’d like to share about yourself.The hardest types of questionsWhen you’re in the hot seat, all questions thrown your way seem tough. Some, though, are harder than others, like the ones below. Remember: your intervi ewer not only wants to get a good sense of what you will answer, but also how you handle the pressure. Stay cool and take a breath, even when you’re struggling to come up with an answer. Study these questions and prep yourself for whatever might come your way.Tough Interview Questions That Are Very CommonThe Hardest Interview Questions of 2016The 10 Toughest Interview QuestionsHow to Answer the Toughest Interview Questions9 Super-Tricky Job Interview Questions and How to Answer ThemWild card questionsAnd finally, here are some additional questions that did not fall into any particular category, but are very important to prep for:â€Å"Can I contact your current employer?â€Å"â€Å"Why have you had so many jobs?â€Å"â€Å"Aren’t you overqualified for this position?â€Å"â€Å"Why Should I Hire You?â€Å"What you should ask themAnd just when you think you’re done prepping for every possible question you can get in an interview, there’s still more work to be done: you need to prep the questions you’re going to ask too. You should always, always have questions for your interviewer.4 Questions to Ask at the End of an InterviewAsk These 10 Interview Questions to Impress Your Hiring ManagerThe Most Important Question You Need to Ask in an InterviewNow that you’re prepared for what you’ll need to say and ask on interview day, don’t forget to dust off your lucky interview outfit and brush up on that body language as well. Good luck, and happy interviewing!

The Trade-Off Theory of Capital Structure Coursework

The Trade-Off Theory of Capital Structure - Coursework Example According to Pacific Daily News (2014), the recent GPA successfully sold $76.47 million of revenue bonds The concept of dividend signaling asserts that the announcement of dividend payments by a company contributes positively to the future prospects of the company. The announcement of a rise in dividend payout helps to solidify the prospects in the market and improves the image of the company in lieu of growth prospects and stability in the future. How much will a firm receive in net funding from a firm commitment underwriting of 250, 000 shares priced to the public at $40 if a 10% underwriting spread has been added to the price paid by the underwriter? Additionally, the firm pays $600, 000 in legal fees According to Baker (2005), underwriter spread fall in the category of direct expenses whilst management fees such as legal feels falls with the indirect issuance expenses. Hence, $1.9 million becomes the direct expenses and $1.65 million become the indirect expense for the issuer. In economics, the value of the firm is linked to profit maximization; as a result, the value of the firm is the present value of the firm’s current and future profits. In finance to determine the present value of a firm, the present income is multiplied by five. Hence, the present value of ABC is operating incomeX5.

Frist assay in helth an safety management Essay

Frist assay in helth an safety management - Essay Example It includes both large scale civic surroundings i.e. places of work, as well as personal places such as homes. The phrase, today, has been widely known and used to illustrate the interdisciplinary field of study which seeks to address various aspects of man – made surrounding such as its design, management, and safety issues in relation to human activities. The construction industry has a disturbingly low safety mechanism as compared to the other industries where accidents which involves temporary access systems, fitting of defective components, unauthorized modification of structures, omission of barriers as well as other more common factors arising on account of management failure such as failure to control and prevent risk, unsafe methods and practices, and inadequate training and supervision account for a large proportion of injuries in the construction industry worldwide1. Although the construction industry has been widely appreciated for making major contributions in accelerating development across the globe, its image has been tarnished by the number of accidents and health hazards that occur on an almost regular basis on the sites. This research paper deals with the various aspects involved in the workplace safety management practices with regard to the construction industry. It analyses and discusses the contemporary issues, current trends and strategies that could be used to improve the working conditions and reduce the health hazards which are faced by construction workers. According to HSE approximately 2.2 million3 people work in Britain’s construction industry, which is incidentally considered to be one of the most dangerous places to work, making it one of the largest industries in the country. Statistics suggest that nearly 2800 people have died as a result of accidents on construction sites in the past 25 years4. Most of the accidents occurring on

The Role of a Staff Accountant - Fitch Ratings Company Essay

The Role of a Staff Accountant - Fitch Ratings Company - Essay Example This position reports directly to Marvin Goodells (Junior Vice President) and is operated by division leader Thelma Brackley (Division Superintendent). All matters of business or personal matters should be brought to Mr Goodells as part of Fitch rating management hierarchy. Because staff accountancy involves knowledge within a wide field of finance, it is important to understand how to perform well in this new position. Internal auditing, specifically, involves extensive review of ledger histories. These are located in the left-hand file cabinet under the â€Å"reconciliation† tab. All copies of your daily logs must be posted in chronological order at the end of the closing accountancy day. Auditing consists of comparing the electronic records with that of the staff general ledgers. All proposed discrepancies, if any, will be highlighted in green and distributed by Marvin Goodells on the 24th of each month. When discrepancies can be explained, with appropriate documentation, a commentary section is appended to the report where definitions or scenarios must be discussed for the inconsistency. This report, when reconciled, must be delivered to Mr Goodells’ exterior office mailbox by the last reporting day of the month. Once monthly, you will meet with Thelma Brackley to discuss your role in various customer accounting. She will ask to see all of your balance sheets for a specific date or time period, and it is required by the policy that you are able to produce those records instantaneously. As such, it is important to understand the filing system of the office. All general ledger notifications are to be tabbed red, payroll information is labelled green, and balance sheets are labelled with blue tabs. These tabs are located in the copy office, merely ask Tina (the office manager) for replacements if you can find none. Affix these tabs to each day’s records, place their photocopy in the file drawer with the appropriate coloured tab, and file the records in descending dates facing away from you.  Ã‚  

Equality frequently throughout the texts Essay Example for Free

Equality frequently throughout the texts Essay Equality is understood and implied differently by everyone. Thats why it is easier said than done to pin point what equality truly is, or else can be classed as. Thomas Mores Utopia and Gorge Orwells 1984 explore the issues of equality frequently throughout the texts, although it is the same theme that is portrayed, the way in which they do it is individual to their personal views and interpretations of equality, which is often effect by there culture and the time period of which was written. Thomas More implies the theme of equality throughout the book through the subject matter of labour and education. Farming is everybodys job The women and men both have equal opportunity to study a trade as well as functioning in farming. Furthermore, the Utopians all have the same working hours and hours of free time, building the people into an equal unit, contrasting to a status based capitalist countries. More eludes the sense of equality through the use of pedantic numerical figures, omnisciently manipulating the reader into believing in this all equal society without questioning, almost creating a semblance. More continues to reinforce the theme of equality by touching on the Utopians educational methods. An illustration of this would be the fact that students are taught in mixed ability groups, there is no higher achy foundation or higher tiers. Utopians are all taught equally rather than individualising them through different intellectual ability. From the word go the Utopians are indoctrinated into prioritising agriculture. They are all required to study from a small selection of trades; this removes the ability to make individual choices making the utopians become psychologically equal. This is so the people do not became philosophical and start questioning their society, therefore they are all equally being manipulated. More eludes equality through synthetically listing the trades, subliminally making us believe Utopians have a large choice of trades, when in reality there is a small restricting hand full that makes sure people are equal and can not gain status through their work place. Everyone is brought up to have equal aims working the trade that is essential to the Utopians survival. More successfully creates a constant feel for equality trough the repetition of plural pronouns; they all everyone The connotation of the lexical choices used suggest of equality and collaboration. More never individualises anyone, an example of this would be the fact that during this passage Raphael never uses the names of the people this subliminally reinforces equality. Practicality is clearly an equal priority for the Utopians; essential to the public They only practice trades that are essential to survival their clothing is produced based on practicality in the work place as well as every day functioning although this way of life sounds lifeless and boring nether the less Raphael seems to enjoy it; these clothes are quite pleasant to look at Mores descriptive writing creates an image, a sea of people who are equal physically and mentally, the imagery produced create a feel of indoctrination the connotation of this passage, produced by the suggestive lexical choices suggest of a society were individually has disappeared so much so that even physically they are starting to look equal. Raphael continues to talk about clothing; Everyone wears the same sort of clothing This removes individual style and stereotypes from society, therefore no one has the chance to convey7 power or status through how they dress. This however is a complete juxtaposition to the society More comes from; were people such as Henry the 8th, rely heavily on fashion to convey their wealth and power. However the portrayal of complete and utter equality is clearly ironical contrasted by the fact that Raphael then goes on to state they vary according to sex and material status This presence the theme of equality through the use of inequality. George Orwells 1984 suggests of an emotional equality by describing hate week; savage, barking rhythm The military connotation suggests that the musics purpose is to evoke strong emotion. This implies that Big Brother aims to create unity of the people through emotional hate. The purpose of this would be to create an equal response from society as a whole making sure none question the meaning of hate week. Orwell makes us as the reader also feel the hate by pace shifting the text through the use of a asyndetical sentence structure, causing the reader to read at a faster pace therefore, making us feel emotionally equal to the characters because the read to feels the tension and rush they seem to feel in the book. Propaganda is introduced through the use of branding; victory mansion The mention of victory items is a constant theme right the way through the book. The repetition and reinforcements of possessions such as victory gin creates propaganda were the characters are equally subliminally manipulated. The characters are force to believe in the sense of winning there is no question of losing, they are so confident about the matter in hand. Furthermore this creates equality as they all have the same branding of products therefore know one can be classed as having a higher status or amount of wealth due to the branding they own. This has the same principles of why the utopians wear the same sort of clothing, also in 1984 they have to wear the same overalls, removing any individuality for society making all equal. This is a contrast to Orwells society were certain branded items implied you may have more class. Orwell starts using metaphorical references to describe Winston and Julia; lay side by side on a stripped bed under the opens windows, naked for the sake of coolness. The rat never came back but the bugs had manipulated Their nudity portrays a sense of equal vulnerability in which they both feel free and careless of their surroundings. Furthermore they are both equally disobeying the rules of their society, both continuing to question the regulations, in other word Julia and Winston are unified and are equally taking a stand by no longer fighting their sexual animal instincts. Julia and Winston are portrayed as an equal force, they both have equal power over each other. The bugs produce connotations of being dirty which is what society views on sex, this is metaphorical for Julia and Winston being scandalise and dirty. The rats however represents humans natural animalised sexual instinct. The bugs and rats implied meaning contrast massively.

Operational Activities of Tesco and Coca Cola

Operational Activities of Tesco and Coca Cola Executive Summary Operations management plays a key role in achieving the performance objectives at Tesco and Coca Cola. The underlying aim is to pace in such a way that the focus lays on the customer needs and wants while the organization stays profitable. Substantial facts have been established with sole focus on utilization of resources by both the companies in an efficient manner. Organizational difference between the two companies has been highlighted under the light of operations management. And an evaluation mix based on both the organizations operational framework is elaborated depicting various factors involved. A critical analysis on the structure of both the organizations is provided which mainly entails the similarities and differences on their respective processes and operations. Contents Section A In the following section, introduction to the selected companies is provided in which a deep insight into the identification of current customers is discussed and what current strategies are applied to them. Along with that, it has also been explained that how the operations are aligned to the customer needs. Introduction to TESCO Tesco is the largest retailer chain in the UK and the third largest in the world. To be exact, as stated in Tesco About Us, (2010), it has operations in 2,362 stores in Britain alone. Tesco started off by trading only groceries but now it merchandizes almost every consumer product ranging from a needle to consumer electronics and financial serves. It has grown through various acquisitions of businesses. As Tesco has grown and so have its employees. Tesco currently employs 286,394 staff in the UK and over 460,000 worldwide (The Times 100 , 2009). To serve bigger markets it needs well-trained staff. The UK is the companys largest market, where it operates under four banners of Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. The company sells almost 40,000 food products, including clothing and other non-food lines. The companys own-label products (50 percent of sales) are at three levels, value, normal and finest. It knows that better staff knowledge, skills and job satisfaction is all vital to i ts further growth.( http://ivoryresearch.com/sample5.php) 2.1 Customers Current trends indicate that British customers have moved towards one-stop and bulk shopping, which is due to a variety of social changes. Tesco have, therefore, increased the amount of non-food items available for sale. Tesco is purely a consumer centred organization. It constantly strives to offer new services, products and ways to shop. It also makes sure that the delivery is executed on time and is hassle free with no strings attached. Its customers include two entities which comprise of B2C and B2B; domestic or regular buyers and small businesses that buy in bulk for further retail, respectively. According to Baba, (2009), Tesco has an aggregate market share of 30.5% with ASDA following it with about half the lag. 2.2 Alignment All the stores are linked to a database and inventory control is ensured in order to meet the consumer demands. It keeps on giving discounts on goods that are in demand and customer focussed. Especially during seasonal events, Tesco has the policy of lowering the prices while maintaining the quality of products as well services offered. Tesco makes use of advance technology in its routine as well as specialized chores. It has innovated and deployed cameras to reduce queues on self-service tills. This is considered as a breakthrough in mechanized retail business. Introduction to Coca Cola Coca Cola started it operations from Atlanta in 1886 as a drug to relieve from headache by a pharmacist Dr. John S Pemberton. Later it became popular and was put into production as a carbonated cola drink. Currently, The Coca Cola Company is the worlds leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and produces nearly 400 brands. Its winning team comprises of over 92,800 employees globally. It has operations in more than 200 countries. Coca Cola Great Britain (CCGB) offers 21 brands and over a hundred products to the consumers in the UK. Its regional headquarters are situated in west London. 3.1 Customers Coca Cola is a refreshing and invigorating brand and caters to the same market as such. Customers include the youth and young adults but kids and adults have also shown frequent consumption patterns over time. According to Coca Cola, (2010), it offers about 1.6 billion servings of its products to the consumers per day. This represents that it has a huge customer base and is very popular among many. 3.2 Alignment Coca Colas vast operations system is responsible of catering to variable demand of its consumers. With a customer base this large, it has concentrated on its supply chain system to ensure ready availability of Coca Cola products to its consumers. It has marketed itself at the right place and at the right time to ensure its presence among its valued customers. It has catered to the regional values and blended itself into the culture of its consumers such that it keeps the customer relationship bond intact. Analysis 4.1 Total Quality Management (TQM) As mentioned by Oakland, (1995), Total Quality Management is a mix of total quality and total management. It specifies quality, defines service and quality of service. Following are a few of the TQM principles adopted by both the selected companies. 4.1.1 Employee Training Employee training and personnel development is an integral part of any organization. Be it the top management or the field staff, training is very important. (Pulat, 1994) Tescos vast operations and customer handling requires a subtly well trained staff. For this they conduct regular checks and performance measurements to identify key deficiencies in the system and try to uproot them through proper training. Similarly, introduction of new products or services in the brand portfolio requires development of employees. Coca Cola relies on training its valuable staff periodically. Be it the innovative technology improvement in production or new inventory management software, Coca Cola strives to provide their workforce with trainings ranging from basic level to the advanced. 4.1.2 Continuous Improvement Continuous improvement is a very basic concept of TQM and must be a part of every organization. Tesco practices commitment towards closed loop feedback for system correction. It focuses on the communication process and obtains feedback both from its employees and from the customers to accelerate the improvement process. Coca Cola, on the other hand, practices continuous improvement which means that the processes should be made so efficient that no defective article reaches the marketplace. Hence, straightening the processes such that they are aligned to the customer needs. 4.1.3 Teamwork In the current scenario of cut throat competition in the market, firms need to be equipped with multi-dimensional, flexible and competitive workforce to be effective. Coca Cola train its staff in order to create cross functional teams which, in return, give the company harmonized systems of control till the lowest level of hierarchy. Tesco creates opportunities for its workers to hone their teamwork abilities by assigning them a variety of projects. It, hence, synergizes its employees in pursuit of a common goal customer satisfaction. 4.2 Marketing strategies According to Etzel, (2008), marketing strategy is a process which involves utilization of limited resources to attain opportunities and eventually, customer satisfaction. Following are some growth strategies designed to identify and focus on the customer. 4.2.1 Cost Support System Cost support system signifies that the organization is leading the business due to its low cost of production. Tesco being a market leader in retail store business has managed to cut its costs in many ways. It has implanted automated tills where customers are enjoying self-service. Through this it has managed to cut some of its human resource employment cost. Additionally, the implementation of adequate inventory control system has slashed Tescos over or under filling problems which has, in return, saved marginal expenses. Coca Cola has adopted new ways of bottling and through proper research, managed to reduce any wastage cost. Besides, they have their own filtration and recycling plants which have condensed water usage by 21% (Coca Cola, 2010). 4.2.2 Market Subdivision Market subdivision is done in order to identify the individuals who share one or more characteristic that distinguishes them with respect to demand of similar products based on qualities and prices etc. Coca Cola has segmented its product to the young generation which is energetic and dynamic. It has positioned itself in the same way as it target market is. It is available everywhere in the form of bottles and vending machines placed in offices, canteens, bars etc. On the other hand, Tesco targets the shopping community like housewives and adults. They have an access to self-earned money and make buying decisions themselves. 4.2.3 Product Distinction Product distinction is all about creating a differentiating factor that make the product stand out of crowd. Tesco has differentiated itself by price slashing phenomenon. It offers amazing discounts and gives away bundle offers. Moreover, availability of almost every item that a consumer wants is ensured which makes it a one shop stop for everybody. Coca Colas greatest differentiating factor is its bottle shape and its unique taste. The shape of the bottle communicates glamour and quality and the taste has a sense of refinement in it. Section B Operations Management Framework As described by Render, (2001), operations management is a process concerned with efficient and effective production of goods and services while meeting customer preferences. 5.1 Process Planning and Design Process designing involves understanding the two ends that is where to start and where to finish keeping in view the various requirements and limitations during the method performed. Process planning and design refers to the fact of transformation the process that can deliver factors like low cost, high quality, enhanced functionality and speed etc. to the production process of goods or services. Coca Cola has production in many countries and is responsible of producing highly standardized products in large volumes. Coca Cola has become a commodity and a necessity to the consumers. The production usually runs 24 hours a day and seven days a week. This all has been achieved through planning and designing the process of production. Tesco, on the other hand, follows a lesser mechanized channel of approach. It doesnt have to go through the tedious production process but it does package goods to be placed in the stores. Planning and design is an on-going process so Tesco has been continuously planning to spread its fixed cost over the volume. It offers a generalized flow shop operation (See Appendix) which allows the customers an ease of access to all the sections without crowding out and creating bottle necks. 5.2 Process Mapping Business process mapping comprises of the activities that define a road map about what the business actually does, the standard and where does the responsibility chain go to. Coca Cola has adopted this concept of creating value chain and establishing the links in the value chain that where the value needs to be added continuously. Meaningful flow charts, work flow diagrams and value stream maps have been designed in order to pre map any latent ambiguities or confusions regarding the processes. Its production process has been made more efficient and it has found and fixed the holdups in the process through this. Tesco Management uses process mapping to revise existing services and add more services into its operations. However, due to a different nature of business, it uses process mapping less frequently. 5.3 Layout Planning The goal of layout planning is to allow workers, equipment (and where applicable, customers) to operate at peak effectiveness, efficiency and involves determining the most feasible locations of the facilities in order to increase efficiency and minimize cost of operations. Layout planning is a very integral and commonly practiced phenomenon in both the organizations. Layout planning involve the best locations where a product can be displayed and where it would gain the most consumer attention. Tesco, being a retail store, exhibits various layouts for customers to get attracted. The products offered are well placed and ordered in symmetry. Special offers are positioned usually at the entrance of the mart and at the eye level of aisle. Tesco evaluates the brand presence by demand and positive traits to place it on the shelves as a convenience factor. Like new promotions are advertised within the store through print media and are placed within the reach of common customer. Coca Cola keenly places it products according to the store size. In small retail outlets, it focuses on brand visibility as well as product availability. Merchandise and coolers are placed in such a way that they are the first thing to be noticed by the customer who enters the store. Whereas in large retail chains, a proper section is allotted for the Coca Cola merchandise. The aisle is decorated with Coca Cola print advertisements and best-selling and new products are placed at eye level of the consumer to create brand recognition. 5.4 Supply Chain Management As mentioned by Blanchard, (2007), supply chain management is an on-going process which aims to harmonize the movement, storage, usage and the whole value chain which include the process from purchasing to shelving. Tesco has adopted the principles of supply chain management and has reduced its costs by around 45%. As a result, it has been able to lower its inventory as well (Tesco, 2010). As it deals in consumer electronics and basic commodities with standard benefits like food, home supplies, standard clothing etc. its main function here is cost reduction aligned with customer satisfaction. With the fashion goods, timeline is focussed more due to rapidly changing trends. Tesco deals with both the domestic customers as well as to business customers i.e. B2C and B2B respectively. So, it has aligned itself well to cater to both the markets (Brock, 2010). By implementing supply chain management concept, Coca Cola has reduced its inventory costs and production functionality. This has also enabled the company to ensure a rapid delivery of their products to the outlets and eventually the consumers. One more aspect that urges Coca Cola to constantly improve its supply chain system is its belonging to the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. 5.5 Schedule Management Schedule management is all about ensuring that the right tasks are conducted at the right time and on the right items. Following are some of the factors that the companies keep in their minds while managing operations. 5.5.1 Demand Forecast Coca Cola schedules itself by performing a demand forecast to support the whole operations management process. It plans its capacity beforehand to ensure a steady flow for the future sales. For example, Coca Cola foresees its sales to go up in summers or social events so it schedules the production of products in such a way that it caters to the increased demand of the consumers. Similarly, Tesco follows the demand forecasting techniques to stay profitable and be able to respond to demand during the times of social events and festivals. For example, customers would want costumes and pumpkins during Halloween and Christmas trees during Christmas. 5.5.2 Master Scheduling Key players in master scheduling are sales and operations. Coca Cola has disaggregated its workflow into different major chunks. Through this a synergy is created which has a greater and better effect on the overall production process. This means that production process is divided into various segments and a sum of all would result into a whole. Coca-Cola alters the master schedule and as a result, inventories, lead times and capacity requirements are altered in favour. Tesco, on the other hand, manages the inventories and supply lines in accordance to the commodity requirement. For example, perishable goods like frozen food are kept till the mentioned expiry period. To make sure nothing goes wasted, appropriate quantities are taken and under storage capacity. 5.6 Lean Management Lean management, according to Plenert, (2007), refers to the process of elimination of costs as well as wastes during production process. Coca Cola is one of the leaders in waste management system. It has laid a three factor phenomenon i.e. reduce, reuse and recycle the packaging. It has introduced a new bottle design which is 20% lighter and it has slashed carbon emissions by 2,200 tonnes (Coca-Cola, 2010). The company has established recycle zones at certain places to encourage recycling of waste. The glass bottles currently contain about 37% recycled glass, while half of the aluminium used in the cans is recycled. Using the metal in this way saves 95 per cent of the energy needed to manufacture it from its raw form. Hence, new ways have helped slicing costs attached. Tesco practices employee empowerment. It has a team of multi-cultural individuals working under one roof. They have been delegated certain authorities that help benefit both themselves and the customers. Theyve been able to specify value in terms of competitive pricing. Moreover, it has cut costs by training the staff thus reducing the mishandling and waste of perishable goods and delicate items. It pursues perfection by creating customer pull value through value stream. 5.7 Inventory Management System An intelligent inventory management system is what almost every organization needs today. Tesco was one of the first ones to adopt the RFID system in practice. What purpose does it serve is that conventional bar codes are replaced with computer chips or smart tags. And this makes use of wireless technology to track inventory. It goes through two stages i.e. firstly; the suppliers tag the inventory and send it to the respective outlets. To make sure it reaches at the right outlet, they are monitored wirelessly. Secondly, the already reached inventory is unpacked and further allotted with a different RFID and sent to shelves. One of the key benefits it offers is that it prevents from shoplifting. However, Coca Cola practices a bit simpler inventory management system. It gathers the required raw materials like concentrate etc. from various defines sources according to the requirements and stores them for operations. Particular raw material is selected and sent to the work in process. Thus facilitating the entire production process. Critical Analysis on Differences between Organizations Although both the companies have customer focused in their minds, the main difference between both Tesco and Coca Cola is their nature of production. Coca Cola serves in the manufacturing sector and produced high quality goods for consumption whereas, Tesco functions in the service sector and is involved in the production of services. It also acts as a middle man for various deals. Coca cola is a soft drink beverages retail business that serves both the markets i.e. business to consumer and business to business customers. It offers its services to small scale as well as large scale retail outlets in the form of packaged beverage. And for the business community, it has contracts with various businesses like McDonalds and Burger king etc. and provides them with vending machines. It has paced itself well in the industry and always meets the consumer needs. The operation implications of Coca Cola involve a high tech beverage factory that produces high quality beverages and works 24 hours a day and seven days a week. A steady supply of raw materials is managed at a pace harmonious to the production process. A proper storage and inventory control system is also maintained in order to aid the supply chain aspects and then the supply of beverages to the end user is ensured at any cost. Tesco, on the other hand, is in a supermarket business. It focuses more on its outlets and the services it provide to the customers. Moreover, a key fact not to be neglected is its online store named as Tesco Direct. As the name suggests, the delivery is made direct to the defined place. All the bargains that Tesco offers are available online on Tesco Direct. This facilitates the consumer even before visiting the store hence adding value. Apart from dealing in the consumer goods, Tesco is also a key player in various other fields. It operates in Garden centers, for financial services it runs its own bank namely Tesco bank. In addition to that, it has its own brand of electronics products known as Technika. Other services offered include its presence in the telecom and energy sector as well. Section C Evaluation of Mix Today, conducting operations in an environment in which if one doesnt evolve from primitive ways, it will go obsolete. Constant innovation in operations framework and selecting a customer focused approach is very important. The operations at Coca Cola Corporation are in collaboration with their long and short term goals. Through their staunch strategies and their rigorous implementation, Coca Cola has been able to improve itself in terms of financial growth as well as the market share. A better logistics system has helped it reach out to his customers at a rapid pace. And with the implementation of a better and more advanced production plant, it has benefited its own growth by increasing the production capacity and access to multiple productions at a time. The quality standards are maintained according to the world accredited criterions like ISO and environment friendly standards. They have shifted to using CFC free machinery in their chillers and coolers which are much healthier. With adoption of supply chain management system, the company has enabled a systematic approach to operations. The management of supply chain and operations has helped the company to provide the customers with the required satisfaction level they wanted. Coca Cola is one of the leaders in waste management system. It has laid a three factor phenomenon i.e. reduce, reuse and recycle the packaging. It has introduced a new bottle design which is 20% lighter and it has slashed carbon emissions by 2,200 tonnes (Coca-Cola, 2010). Tesco also has a smart inventory control and management system. From collection of goods till their sale, everything is scrutinized and put under check to ensure free flow through proper channel. This has facilitated them to manage and forecast the demand of goods that are demanded more and the ones that are demanded lesser often. Coca Cola provides an excellent customer services programme by introducing new drinks according to the taste of the customers and by doing this they are very successful in maintaining the existing customers loyalty and catching new customers. Coke also introduces a coke reward programme. My Coke Rewards is customer loyalty marketing campaign for the Coca-Cola soft drink. Customers enter codes found on specially marked packages of Coca-Cola products on a website. Codes can also be entered on the go by texting them from a cell phone. These codes are converted into virtual points which can in turn be redeemed by members for various prizes. On the other hand Tescos Club card loyalty scheme is designed not only to reward members based on their spend, but also to enable Tesco to better understand and meet the needs and preferences of its customers by recording and analysing their buying behaviour. In each Club card mailing, Tesco uses the information gained from its loyalty scheme to provide customers with offers that are as appropriate to them as possible. In fact, as a member, when you receive your Club card vouchers, youll also receive one of over 80,000 different combinations of other special offers and vouchers, allocated to you based on your previous purchases and shopping habits. So instead of having to throw half of the extra vouchers away, you should be able to save money by using them all! Tesco was one of the first ones to adopt the RFID system in practice. What purpose does it serve is that conventional bar codes are replaced with computer chips or smart tags. And this makes use of wireless technology to track inventory. However, Coca Cola practices a bit simpler inventory management system. It gathers the required raw materials like concentrate etc. from various defines sources according to the requirements and stores them for operations. Particular raw material is selected and sent to the work in process. By implementing supply chain management concept, Coca Cola has reduced its inventory costs and production functionality. This has also enabled the company to ensure a rapid delivery of their products to the outlets and eventually the consumers. One more aspect that urges Coca Cola to constantly improve its supply chain system is its belonging to the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. The lean procedures have devised employee empowerment and led both Tesco and Coca Cola to reduce as well as manage its wastes and eventually the costs attached to it. Coca Cola has deployed large waste bins in the cities to encourage recycling and practices reusing and recycling waste too. Tesco is also very focused to employee empowerment and gives away incentives to the ones who show performance. Additionally, value is not something that is just attached to price, quality or service but it is related to the experience as well. Layout planning plays a keen part in fulfilling this need of the customer. This satisfaction is achieved when the perceived value goes proportional to the quality provided. Hence, the value is added at every step of production of goods or services. Process automation in the manufacturing of Coca Cola products and in-store mechanization of Tesco has reduced the costs a great deal and has added worth to the companies. The strategies and techniques for production of goods and services are constantly adding value to the means of production as well as to the customer norms which is creating a bond between organizations and the customers. By tracking performance on a regular basis, both the companies can identify areas that are performing well, as well as those that need to be improved and worldwide aims not just to retain customers. They a bigger share of each customers wallet the amount of money the customer has to spend on their products.